Provide the full names for the following abbreviations:
$(1)$ $RuBP$
$(2)$ $PGAL$

In the $C_3$ pathway,the first stable product is $P$,and in the $C_4$ pathway,the first stable product is $Q$. Choose the correct option for $P$ and $Q$.

How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required to produce one molecule of glucose/hexose?

Who received the Nobel Prize for working out the early carbon pathway of photosynthesis?

For the fixation of $1$ molecule of $CO_2$ in the Calvin cycle,how many molecules of $NADPH$ and $ATP$ are required?

......... is the first process of the dark reaction.